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GNU replacement for the Bourne shell

Bash
Gnu-bash-logo.svg
Bash screenshot.png

Screenshot of a Bash session
Original author(s) Brian Fox
Developer(s) Chet Ramey[1] [2]
Initial release June 8, 1989; 32 years ago  (1989-06-08)
Stable release

5.1.16[three]Edit this on Wikidata / v January 2022
Preview release

five.2-alpha[4]Edit this on Wikidata / 20 Jan 2022
Repository
  • git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/fustigate.git Edit this at Wikidata
Written in C
Operating organization
  • Unix-like[5]
  • macOS (GPL-2.0-or-later; GPL-iii.0-or-later on available through third parties)
  • Windows (GPL-3.0-or-later on)[vi] [7]
Platform GNU
Available in Multilingual (gettext)
Blazon Unix trounce, command language
License Since 4.0: GPL-three.0-or-later[8]
1.11? to 3.two: GPL-ii.0-or-later[9]
0.99? to 1.05?: GPL-1.0-or-after[ten] [eleven] [12]
Website www.gnu.org/software/bash/

Fustigate is a Unix trounce and command language written by Brian Fox for the GNU Project as a gratis software replacement for the Bourne shell.[13] [14] Starting time released in 1989,[15] it has been used as the default login shell for most Linux distributions[16]. Fustigate was one of the first programs Linus Torvalds ported to Linux, alongside GCC.[17] A version is also available for Windows 10 via the Windows Subsystem for Linux.[18] It is also the default user shell in Solaris 11.[xix] Bash was also the default shell in all versions of Apple tree macOS prior to the 2019 release of macOS Catalina, which changed the default shell to zsh, although Bash remains bachelor every bit an alternative shell.[20]

Fustigate is a command processor that typically runs in a text window where the user types commands that cause actions. Bash can as well read and execute commands from a file, called a shell script. Similar most Unix shells, it supports filename globbing (wildcard matching), piping, hither documents, command exchange, variables, and command structures for condition-testing and iteration. The keywords, syntax, dynamically scoped variables and other basic features of the language are all copied from sh. Other features, due east.m., history, are copied from csh and ksh. Bash is a POSIX-compliant shell, but with a number of extensions.

The crush's name is an acronym for Bourne Once more Crush, a pun on the name of the Bourne shell that information technology replaces[21] and the notion of being "born again".[22] [23]

A security hole in Bash dating from version 1.03 (Baronial 1989),[24] dubbed Shellshock, was discovered in early September 2014 and rapidly led to a range of attacks across the Internet.[25] [26] [27] Patches to gear up the bugs were fabricated available presently later the bugs were identified.

History [edit]

Brian Fox began coding Bash on January 10, 1988,[28] later Richard Stallman became dissatisfied with the lack of progress being made past a prior developer.[13] Stallman and the Complimentary Software Foundation (FSF) considered a costless beat out that could run existing shell scripts so strategic to a completely free organisation built from BSD and GNU lawmaking that this was one of the few projects they funded themselves, with Fox undertaking the work as an employee of FSF.[13] [29] Fox released Bash as a beta, version .99, on June viii, 1989,[15] and remained the primary maintainer until sometime between mid-1992[30] and mid-1994,[31] when he was laid off from FSF[32] and his responsibility was transitioned to another early contributor, Chet Ramey.[33] [34] [35]

Since and then, Bash has become past far the most popular shell among users of Linux, becoming the default interactive shell on that operating system's various distributions[36] [37] (although Almquist beat may be the default scripting beat out) and on Apple's macOS releases before Catalina in October 2019.[38] [39] [16] Bash has likewise been ported to Microsoft Windows and distributed with Cygwin and MinGW, to DOS by the DJGPP project, to Novell NetWare, to OpenVMS by the GNV project,[forty] to ArcaOS,[41] and to Android via diverse terminal emulation applications.

In September 2014, Stéphane Chazelas, a Unix/Linux specialist,[42] discovered a security bug in the programme. The bug, commencement disclosed on September 24, was named Shellshock and assigned the numbers CVE-2014-6271, CVE-2014-6277 and CVE-2014-7169. The bug was regarded as severe, since CGI scripts using Bash could exist vulnerable, enabling arbitrary code execution. The issues was related to how Bash passes office definitions to subshells through environment variables.[43]

Features [edit]

The Fustigate command syntax is a superset of the Bourne vanquish command syntax. Fustigate supports caryatid expansion, command line completion (Programmable Completion),[44] basic debugging[45] and point handling (using trap) since bash ii.05a[46] among other features. Bash tin execute the vast majority of Bourne shell scripts without modification, with the exception of Bourne crush scripts stumbling into fringe syntax behavior interpreted differently in Fustigate or attempting to run a system command matching a newer Bash builtin, etc. Bash command syntax includes ideas drawn from the KornShell (ksh) and the C shell (csh) such as command line editing, command history (history control),[47] the directory stack, the $RANDOM and $PPID variables, and POSIX command exchange syntax $(…).

When a user presses the tab fundamental within an interactive command-trounce, Fustigate automatically uses command line completion, since beta version 2.04,[48] to match partly typed program names, filenames and variable names. The Bash command-line completion arrangement is very flexible and customizable, and is oft packaged with functions that complete arguments and filenames for specific programs and tasks.

Bash's syntax has many extensions defective in the Bourne shell. Bash can perform integer calculations ("arithmetic evaluation") without spawning external processes. It uses the ((…)) control and the $((…)) variable syntax for this purpose. Its syntax simplifies I/O redirection. For example, information technology tin can redirect standard output (stdout) and standard error (stderr) at the same time using the &> operator. This is simpler to type than the Bourne shell equivalent 'command > file 2>&1'. Bash supports procedure substitution using the <(command) and >(command)syntax, which substitutes the output of (or input to) a command where a filename is normally used. (This is implemented through /proc/fd/ unnamed pipes on systems that support that, or via temporary named pipes where necessary).

When using the 'office' keyword, Bash office declarations are not compatible with Bourne/Korn/POSIX scripts (the KornShell has the aforementioned problem when using 'function'), but Bash accepts the same function declaration syntax as the Bourne and Korn shells, and is POSIX-conformant. Because of these and other differences, Fustigate vanquish scripts are rarely runnable under the Bourne or Korn beat out interpreters unless deliberately written with that compatibility in heed, which is becoming less common as Linux becomes more than widespread. Merely in POSIX mode, Bash conforms with POSIX more than closely.[49]

Bash supports hither documents. Since version 2.05b Bash can redirect standard input (stdin) from a "hither cord" using the <<< operator.

Fustigate 3.0 supports in-process regular expression matching using a syntax reminiscent of Perl.[50]

In February 2009,[51] Bash 4.0 introduced back up for associative arrays.[11] Associative array indices are strings, in a manner similar to AWK or Tcl.[52] They can exist used to emulate multidimensional arrays. Bash iv as well switches its license to GPL-3.0-or-later; some users suspect this licensing change is why MacOS continues to use older versions.[53] Apple finally stopped using Bash in their operating systems with the release of MacOS Catalina in 2019.[20]

Brace expansion [edit]

Brace expansion, likewise called alternation, is a feature copied from the C trounce. It generates a set of alternative combinations. Generated results need non be as files. The results of each expanded cord are not sorted and left to right order is preserved: 

                        $                        echo            a{p,c,d,b}e            ape ace ade abe            $                        echo            {a,b,c}{d,e,f}            advertizement ae af bd exist bf cd ce cf

Users should not use brace expansions in portable shell scripts, because the Bourne shell does not produce the same output. 

                        $                        # A traditional trounce does not produce the same output            $            /bin/sh -c            'echo a{p,c,d,b}eastward'            a{p,c,d,b}e

When caryatid expansion is combined with wildcards, the braces are expanded starting time, and and so the resulting wildcards are substituted ordinarily. Hence, a list of JPEG and PNG images in the current directory could be obtained using: 

            ls *.{jpg,jpeg,png}            # expands to *.jpg *.jpeg *.png - after which,            # the wildcards are candy            repeat            *.{png,jp{east,}g}            # repeat just show the expansions -            # and braces in braces are possible.

In addition to alternation, brace expansion can be used for sequential ranges between two integers or characters separated by double dots. Newer versions of Fustigate allow a 3rd integer to specify the increment. 

                        $                        echo            {            1..10}            1 2 3 4 5 vi seven 8 ix 10            $                        echo            file{            ane..4}.txt            file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt file4.txt            $                        repeat            {a..due east}            a b c d east            $                        repeat            {            1..ten..3}            i 4 7 10            $                        repeat            {a..j..3}            a d chiliad j

When brace expansion is combined with variable expansion (A.K.A. parameter expansion and parameter substitution) the variable expansion is performed afterward the brace expansion, which in some cases may necessitate the utilise of the eval congenital-in, thus: 

                        $                        beginning            =            i            ;            end            =            x            $                        echo            {            $start..$end            }            # fails to expand due to the evaluation order            {1..10}            $                        eval            echo            {            $start..$end            }            # variable expansion occurs then resulting cord is evaluated            1 two three iv v 6 7 8 9 10

Startup scripts [edit]

When Bash starts, information technology executes the commands in a variety of dot files. Unlike Fustigate shell scripts, dot files do not typically take execute permission enabled nor an interpreter directive like #!/bin/bash.

Legacy-compatible Bash startup instance [edit]

The skeleton ~/.bash_profile beneath is compatible with the Bourne shell and gives semantics like to csh for the ~/.bashrc and ~/.bash_login. The [ -r filename ] && cmd is a brusque-circuit evaluation that tests if filename exists and is readable, skipping the office after the && if it is not. 

                        [            -r ~/.profile            ]            &&            . ~/.profile            # set up surroundings, once, Bourne-sh syntax merely            if            [            -n            "            $PS1            "            ]            ;            and so            # are nosotros interactive?            [            -r ~/.bashrc            ]            &&            . ~/.bashrc            # tty/prompt/function setup for interactive shells            [            -r ~/.bash_login            ]            &&            . ~/.bash_login            # whatsoever at-login tasks for login vanquish only            fi            # End of "if" cake

Operating system issues in Bash startup [edit]

Some versions of Unix and Linux contain Bash system startup scripts, generally nether the /etc directories. Bash calls these as part of its standard initialization, just other startup files tin can read them in a dissimilar order than the documented Bash startup sequence. The default content of the root user's files may also take problems, as well every bit the skeleton files the system provides to new user accounts upon setup. The startup scripts that launch the X window organisation may also practise surprising things with the user's Bash startup scripts in an endeavour to set up user-surroundings variables before launching the window managing director. These issues tin often exist addressed using a ~/.xsession or ~/.xprofile file to read the ~/.profile — which provides the environment variables that Bash shell windows spawned from the window manager demand, such equally xterm or Gnome Terminal.

Portability [edit]

Invoking Bash with the --posix option or stating set up -o posix in a script causes Fustigate to conform very closely to the POSIX 1003.2 standard.[54] Bash shell scripts intended for portability should take into account at least the POSIX shell standard. Some fustigate features non found in POSIX are:[54] [55]

  • Certain extended invocation options
  • Brace expansion
  • Arrays and associative arrays
  • The double subclass [[ ... ]] extended test construct and its regex matching
  • The double-parentheses arithmetics-evaluation construct (but (( ... )); $(( ... )) is POSIX)
  • Certain cord-manipulation operations in parameter expansion
  • local for scoped variables
  • Process substitution
  • Bash-specific builtins
  • Coprocesses
  • $EPOCHSECONDS and $EPOCHREALTIME variables [56]

If a piece of code uses such a feature, it is called a "bashism" – a trouble for portable employ. Debian'southward checkbashisms and Vidar Holen'south shellcheck can exist used to make sure that a script does not contain these parts.[57] [58] The list varies depending on the actual target shell: Debian'southward policy allows some extensions in their scripts (equally they are in the dash beat out),[55] while a script intending to support pre-POSIX Bourne shells, similar autoconf's configure, are even more express in the features they can employ.[59]

Keyboard shortcuts [edit]

Bash uses readline to provide keyboard shortcuts for command line editing using the default (Emacs) cardinal bindings. Vi-bindings tin be enabled by running set -o vi.[60]

Process management [edit]

The Bash beat has two modes of execution for commands: batch, and concurrent fashion.

To execute commands in batch (i.eastward., in sequence) they must be separated by the character ";", or on separate lines:

in this example, when command1 is finished, command2 is executed.

A background execution of command1 can occur using (symbol &) at the end of an execution command, and procedure will be executed in background returning immediately control to the shell and allowing continued execution of commands.

Or to have a concurrent execution of two command1 and command2, they must be executed in the Fustigate vanquish in the following way:

In this case command1 is executed in the background & symbol, returning immediately command to the shell that executes command2 in the foreground.

A process can exist stopped and control returned to bash by typing Ctrl+z while the procedure is running in the foreground.[61]

A list of all processes, both in the background and stopped, tin be achieved past running jobs: 

                        $                        jobs            [i]-  Running                  command1 &            [two]+  Stopped                  command2

In the output, the number in brackets refers to the job id. The plus sign signifies the default procedure for bg and fg. The text "Running" and "Stopped" refer to the Process state. The last string is the command that started the process.

The country of a process can be changed using various commands. The fg control brings a process to the foreground, while bg sets a stopped procedure running in the background. bg and fg tin accept a chore id as their first argument, to specify the process to deed on. Without one, they use the default procedure, identified by a plus sign in the output of jobs. The kill control can exist used to end a procedure prematurely, by sending it a signal. The job id must be specified subsequently a per centum sign:

Conditional execution [edit]

Bash supplies "conditional execution" command separators that brand execution of a command contingent on the exit code set by a precedent command. For case: 

                        cd            "            $SOMEWHERE            "            &&            ./do_something            ||            echo            "An fault occurred"            >&            2

Where ./do_something is only executed if the cd (change directory) control was "successful" (returned an leave status of zero) and the repeat command would only be executed if either the cd or the ./do_something command return an "error" (non-zero exit status).

For all commands the exit condition is stored in the special variable $?. Bash also supports if ...; then ...; else ...; fi and case $VARIABLE in $pattern )...;; $other_pattern )...;; esac forms of conditional command evaluation.

Bug reporting [edit]

"bashbug" redirects here. For the widely reported September 2014 issues found in Bash, see Shellshock (software bug).

An external control called bashbug reports Fustigate shell bugs. When the command is invoked, it brings upwardly the user's default editor with a form to fill in. The form is mailed to the Fustigate maintainers (or optionally to other email addresses).[62] [63]

Programmable completion [edit]

Fustigate supports programmable completion via built-in consummate, compopt, and compgen commands.[64] The characteristic has been available since the beta version of 2.04 released in 2000.[65] [66] These commands enable complex and intelligent completion specification for commands (i.e. installed programs), functions, variables, and filenames.[67]

The complete and compopt ii commands specify how arguments of some available commands or options are going to be listed in the readline input. Equally of version five.i completion of the command or the option is usually activated past the Tab ↹ keystroke after typing its proper noun.[67]

Release history [edit]

Version Release appointment Release notes
bash-5.1 2020-12-07 github version history NEWS [11]
bash-v.0 2019-01-07 [68] [69] [70]
fustigate-5.0-rc1 2018-12-20
bash-5.0-beta2 2018-11-28
bash-5.0-beta 2018-09-17
fustigate-5.0-blastoff 2018-05-22
bash-4.4 2016-09-fifteen github version history NEWS v4.4
bash-four.four-rc2 2016-08-22
fustigate-4.four-rc1 2016-02-24
fustigate-iv.four-beta2 2016-07-11
bash-4.4-beta 2015-10-12
fustigate-four.3 2014-02-26
fustigate-4.2 2011-02-thirteen
bash-4.1 2009-12-31
bash-4.0 2009-02-20
bash-4.0-rc1 2009-01-12
bash-3.2 2006-10-11
bash-3.one 2005-12-08
bash-iii.0 2004-08-03
fustigate-2.05b 2002-07-17
bash-2.05a 2001-xi-16
fustigate-2.05 2001-04-09
bash-2.04 2000-03-21
fustigate-ii.03 1999-02-nineteen
bash-2.02 1998-04-xviii
bash-2.01 1997-06-05
fustigate-2.0 1996-12-31

See also [edit]

  • Comparison of control shells

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  69. ^ "Bash changes [Bash Hackers Wiki]". Archived from the original on March eighteen, 2020. Retrieved Nov 25, 2019.
  70. ^ "Bash-v.0 release available". lists.gnu.org. Archived from the original on November viii, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2021.

External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • Hamilton, Naomi (May thirty, 2008). "The A-Z of Programming Languages: Fustigate/Bourne-Again Beat out". Computerworld. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. (interview with GNU Bash's maintainer, Chet Ramey)

orvissuppinfood.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)

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